How UVC lamps work and how they destroy bacteria and viruses

UVC lamps have become more and more popular recently due to their ability to effectively disinfect air, surfaces and water. They are used in various fields, from hospitals and laboratories to ordinary homes, to combat bacteria and viruses. But how do these UVC lamps actually work and what makes them so effective in destroying dangerous microorganisms? In this article, we will explore the working principles of UVC lamps and how they work to neutralize bacteria and viruses.

1. What are UVC lamps?
UVC lamps emit ultraviolet C (UVC) rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation that lies between visible light and X-rays on the electromagnetic spectrum. These rays have a wavelength between 200 and 280 nanometers (nm), and the most effective for disinfection are those of 254 nm. UVC radiation is known for its ability to destroy the genetic material of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.

2. How does UVC radiation work?
UVC lamps work by emitting ultraviolet radiation that penetrates the DNA or RNA structure of bacteria and viruses. This process disrupts the genetic sequences and prevents them from reproducing. To better understand this process, let's analyze the steps through which UVC radiation acts on microorganisms:

- Absorption of UVC radiation: When bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms are exposed to UVC radiation, their DNA or RNA molecules absorb these rays. This phenomenon is called *photodissociation* and is the first step in the destruction of the microbial cell.

- Destruction of the genetic material: UVC radiation changes the molecular structure of the genetic material in microorganisms. They form thymine dimers, i.e. abnormal bonds between thymine molecules (which are part of DNA), which prevents the correct replication of DNA or RNA.

- Impossibility of reproduction: Once the DNA or RNA of a microorganism is affected by UVC radiation, it can no longer reproduce. Thus, even if the microorganism is not destroyed immediately, it becomes inactive and can no longer multiply or cause infections.

3. The effectiveness of UVC lamps against bacteria and viruses
UVC lamps are extremely effective in destroying bacteria and viruses, due to the sensitivity of these microorganisms to ultraviolet radiation. Most bacteria and viruses are quickly inactivated when exposed to UVC radiation for a sufficient period of time.

- Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms, such as bacteria, are particularly sensitive to UVC radiation. UVC lamps can destroy dangerous bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, preventing the spread of infections.

- Viruses: Although viruses are smaller and simpler entities than bacteria, they are also vulnerable to UVC radiation. Viruses such as influenza, norovirus and even SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19) can be inactivated by exposure to UVC lamps.

4. Where are UVC lamps used?
Thanks to their efficiency, UVC lamps are used in a wide range of applications, to disinfect both the air and surfaces or water:

- Air disinfection: In hospitals, medical practices or schools, UVC lamps are used to disinfect the air in the rooms, eliminating bacteria and viruses floating in the air. They can also be integrated into ventilation systems to purify the air before it circulates in the occupied spaces.

- Disinfection of surfaces: UVC lamps are used to disinfect surfaces that frequently come into contact with people's hands, such as door handles, keyboards or tables in operating rooms. These lamps are used especially in medical environments to prevent the spread of infections.

- Water disinfection: UVC lamps are also used in water treatment systems, to eliminate microorganisms that could cause diseases if the water is consumed without being purified. These are frequently used in water purifiers and drinking water treatment plants.

5. Is the use of UVC lamps safe for humans?
Although UVC lamps are extremely effective in destroying bacteria and viruses, direct exposure to UVC radiation can be dangerous for humans. The skin and eyes are particularly sensitive to these rays, and direct exposure can cause burns or permanent vision impairment.

To avoid these risks, it is important that UVC lamps are used according to the manufacturer's instructions and operated in the absence of people and pets.

6. UVC lamps vs. other disinfection methods
UVC lamps offer certain advantages compared to other traditional disinfection methods, such as chemical products or alcohol-based solutions:

- Without chemicals: UVC disinfection does not involve the use of chemical products, which reduces the risk of irritation or allergies caused by cleaning products. It also does not leave toxic residues on surfaces or in water.

- Speed and efficiency: UVC lamps can destroy microorganisms in a very short time, usually in a few minutes, making them ideal for use in environments that require rapid disinfection.

- Versatility: UVC lamps can be used in various environments, from homes and offices to hospitals, medical offices and food factories.

Conclusion
UVC lamps are an efficient and safe solution for destroying dangerous bacteria and viruses. By emitting ultraviolet radiation that disrupts the DNA and RNA of microorganisms, they eliminate the risk of spreading infections in the air, on surfaces and in water. However, in order to use UVC lamps safely, it is essential to follow all the precautions and manufacturer's instructions to prevent direct exposure of people to radiation.